Mautone, Antonio (2023) Livestock manure storage: assessment of natural permeable covers as possible ammonia emission mitigation strategies. [Tesi di dottorato]

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Ammonia (NH3) emissions are responsible of negative impact on environment and human health. After the volatilization ammonia returns to soil by precipitation. Ammonia emissions and consequent deposition can lead to soil acidification, water eutrophication, and formation of particulate matter causing respiratory disease. Along with these environmental and health aspects, ammonia emission is responsible for large losses of nitrogen from the manure and thereby fertilizer value of the livestock manure significatively decrease. Ammonia emissions are mainly generated from livestock operations. Factors that affect ammonia emission are generally related to manure management, climatic condition and manure pH and characteristics. The influence that farms and manure management have on ammonia emission has been widely assessed. Farm management and structure including housing, storage and spreading systems can lead to the ammonia emission in many ways. Possible mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia emissions have been investigated. Each strategy can have benefits and disadvantages even when properly applied. This work focus on the manure storage phase and the possible ammonia mitigation techniques that can be applied during this step of the manure management chain. In particular, an overview on the DATAMAN dataset have been carried out; the database collects detailed information on how manure is managed worldwide. The effect of different manure management and livestock systems on the Emission Factors from the poultry livestock systems have been analyzed. From the data collected in the database, and also from the missing one is possible to define and improve potential future research opportunities and improvements on manure management chain. Secondly under laboratory condition the phenomenon occurring during the storage phase and the effect of natural permeable cover application on liquid digestate surface have been studied. The investigated covers are natural crust, straw, clay, and biochar. The overall emissions reduction observed ranged between about 7% up to 78%. The resulting data from this thesis can therefore provide the basis for a better understanding on manure storage, cover application as mitigation strategies to deeper the knowledge on manure management and possible mitigations techniques.

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