Petracca, Francesca (2024) Abiotic stresses in grapevine: ecophysiology and application of dendro-ecological techniques. [Tesi di dottorato]

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Abstract

Viticulture is undergoing important changes due to climate change. Climate change is producing negative effects on productivity and quality of grapes, also influencing the quality of final products, such as wines. Furthermore, the effects produce consequences on the physiology of plants, influencing fundamental physiological mechanisms such as photosynthesis and changes in their anatomical structures. The ability of acclimation to environmental stresses is species- and cultivar-specific and plants’ responses also vary based on the pedo-climatic conditions and cultivation practices. The acclimation strategies that plants adopt to face environmental stresses are targeted to maintain a high photosynthetic and hydraulic efficiency to complete the ripening of the fruit. The improvement of water use efficiency, therefore, especially in conditions of strong and prolonged stress, is essential to preserve the equilibrium between vegetative growth and yield, as well as to maintain high grape quality. In grapevine, to improve the water use efficiency and protect the plant from adverse effects of climate change, in recent years, the interest in the use of products as inert materials of mineral origin (particle films) has increased. However, the vines’ responses depend on the cultivar and the severity of the stress. In this project, to identify strategies capable of mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress, such as water stress and high light intensity, a three-year experimental trial was performed on Vitis vinifera sub. vinifera ‘Falanghina’ to study the effect of the distribution of basalt dust under two water availability conditions. The study was conducted at the commercial vineyard of the agricultural company “La Guardiense” located in Guardia Sanframondi (Benevento), Italy. Irrigation was estimated by replenishing the water loss during the evapotranspiration (estimated by the Penman–Monteith method using data and estimation models from the AgriSense IoT monitoring system). The vines were monitored from a vegetative, eco-physiological terms and the grapes were characterized. However, the data obtained have been implemented with the evaluation of the anatomical characteristics of leaves and wood to understand a possible combination between the response of the plants from the physiological behaviour and the organ structures. Analyses on stomatal traits, on the morphology of the leaf at the level of the veins and the lamina have been conducted. In addition, retrospective analyses on the wood have been performed. From the results obtained it has been possible to create connections between the morphology and the eco-physiology of the plants, evaluating in a more in-depth way the behavior and adaptations of the plants with respect to abiotic stresses. In addition, the morphological structures of leaves and wood on other cultivars have been investigated, to extend the results obtained with respect to the study of the weakness to embolism of different native Campanian cultivars, carried out during the research period abroad.

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