Perrotta, Maryanna Martina Stress effects in higher plants: case studies in Arabidopsis and Cannabis. [Tesi di dottorato]

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Abstract

Plants exhibit complex stress responses to adapt to environmental changes involving metabolic pathways, hormonal signalling, and transcriptional regulation. These responses are fundamental for maintaining growth and development under stress conditions. Distress and eustress events play significant roles in plant homeostasis. In this project, different approaches were used to improve the knowledge of plant stress responses. In the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, under cold stress, the pivotal role played by G6PD6 was demonstrated, providing reducing power as NADPH and supporting scavenger enzymes. In addition, regulating G6PD6 in cold conditions (4°C) is strictly connected to SK11 (ASKα) activity through phosphorylation (Dal Santo et al., 2012). In addition, alternative splicing events were investigated in 5’UTR regions of G6PD5. The expression of N-extended proteoforms is preferred in plants under cold stress. Furthermore, in an elicitation mechanism using yeast extract, the recruitment of G6PD6 and PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) increased in plants grown in vitro, confirming a switch-on of the primary and secondary metabolism in response to yeast extract. Based on a positive-stress mechanism, hemp (Cannabis sativa) varieties (Futura 75, Félina 32, and Fédora 17) were used under moderate salinity. At low doses, hemp plants showed an increase in biomass and phytochemical compounds. This hormetic effect underscores the potential of eustress in optimising crop performance. Furthermore, calli from different hemp varieties could rapidly screen different compounds and doses. Among the genotypes tested, Férimon 12 and Félina 32 have shown a hormetic response to yeast extract, increasing biomass and flavonoids’ synthesis genes. Finally, the impact of micro- and nano-plastic pollution is discussed, given that over 350 million tons of plastic are produced yearly. Plants' absorption of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) significantly affects their growth, development, and photosynthesis, limiting crop yields and threatening natural biodiversity. This review summarises the physiological changes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and other mechanisms triggered by MPs and NPs. Dal Santo S., Jonak C., et al., Stress-Induced GSK3 Regulates the Redox Stress Response by Phosphorylating Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis. 2012.The Plant Cell. doi/10.1105/tpc.112.101279

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