Verde, Maria Ceramic production in the Ager Calenus from the 3rd century BCE to the early imperial period. [Tesi di dottorato]

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Abstract

The ancient city of Cales is considered one of the most important production and distribution centers of fine-grained pottery, among the most renowned there is the black glazed ware, a class of fine pottery widely distributed in the central and western Mediterranean (3rd century to the middle of the 1st century BCE). In fact, for centuries the black glazed pottery has been considered the hallmark of Calenian production, thanks to the availability of raw materials close to the city. In such an important manufacturing center of ceramics it is not surprising that the workshops also produced common ware. In this study, a total of 125 sherds belonging to different ceramic classes divided in two main groups, fine-grained pottery (black glazed pottery, Terra sigillata, fine common ware) and coarse-grained pottery (common cookware, thin-walled pottery, internal red slip ware, large container) recovered at the archaeological site of Cales were studied, along with production indicators. A multi-faceted analytical approach via minero-petrographic techniques (PLM, XRPD, TG-DSC, FESEM, FESEM-EDS, XRF) was performed in order to discriminate the different Calenian productions in a chronological span between the 3rd century BCE to the early imperial period, in terms of: firing dynamics; provenance of the ceramics and provenance of the raw materials. The collected data allowed us to shed new light on the production activities of the Calenian workshops and document their remarkable continuity over time. In-depth characterization with the routine analytical techniques used for archaeometric studies has provided the basis for implementing a new geochemical approach using TIMS and MC-ICP-MS, which includes for the first time three isotopic systematics: Sr, Nd and Pb. This method provided stronger feedback both in terms of provenance and clay-temper processing. This pioneering approach does not intend to replace the usual analytical routine that over the years has become a cornerstone for the ceramic characterization, but instead, aims to be a valid support to ceramic archaeometry.

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